s perfusion and reduces infarct size in patients with myocardial infarction.Objective Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit deficits in executive function. Since there are no clear biomarkers for the disorder, this study aimed to investigate the neurophysiological biomarkers for deficits in executive function in children with ADHD using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and electroencephalography. Methods Twenty patients diagnosed with ADHD and 19 typically developing children (TDC; 8-11 years old) were included. Event related potentials (ERPs) were recorded using an electroencephalogram (EEG) and oxygenated hemoglobin concentrations (Oxy-Hb) were recorded using fNIRS during a colored Go/NoGo task, simultaneously. Latencies and amplitudes of NoGo-N2 and NoGo/Go-P3 tasks were measured using EEG. Results Children with ADHD showed significantly decreased Oxy-Hb in the right frontal cortex as well as longer NoGo-P3 latencies and a decreased NoGo/Go-P3 amplitude. There was a significant positive correlation between the Oxy-Hb and NoGo/Go-P3 amplitude. Conclusions These results suggest that children with ADHD experience executive dysfunction. Hemodynamic and electrophysiological findings during the Go/NoGo task might be useful as a biomarker of executive function. Significance These findings have key implications for understanding the pathophysiology of deficits in executive function in ADHD.Aim To describe beneficial effects of callosotomy on KCNQ2-related intractable epilepsy. Case report Our patient was a 10-year-old girl who had developed epilepsy during the neonatal period, accompanied by a suppression-burst pattern on the electroencephalography (EEG). The patient showed profound psychomotor developmental delay since early infancy. Daily seizures of versive posturing and ocular deviation were transiently controlled by carbamazepine and valproate at the age of 1 year; however, the seizures gradually increased to up to 50 times per day. Ictal EEG and positron emission tomography revealed an epileptic focus in the left frontal lobe at age 5 years. Total callosotomy resulted in marked reduction of epileptic seizures thereafter, as well as improved responses to external auditory and visual stimuli. Whole exome sequencing at age 9 identified a de novo missense variant in KCNQ2 (NM_172107.3c.563A &gt; Cp.(Gln188Pro)). Conclusion This case supports that epilepsy surgery could benefit children with epileptic encephalopathy, even with the etiology of channelopathy.Rationale and objectives Phase resolved functional lung (PREFUL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a free-breathing 1H-based technique that produces maps of fractional ventilation (FV). This study compared ventilation defect percent (VDP) calculated using PREFUL to hyperpolarized (HP) 129Xe MRI and pulmonary function tests in pediatric cystic fibrosis (CF). Materials and methods 27 pediatric participants were recruited (mean age 13.0 ± 2.7), including 6 with clinically stable CF, 11 CF patients undergoing a pulmonary exacerbation (PEx), and 10 healthy controls. Spirometry was performed to measure forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), along with nitrogen multiple breath washout to measure lung clearance index (LCI). VDP was calculated from single central coronal slice PREFUL FV maps and the corresponding HP 129Xe slice. Results The stable CF group had a normal FEV1 (p = 0.41) and elevated LCI (p = 0.007). The CF PEx group had a decreased FEV1 (p less then 0.0001) and elevated LCI (p less then 0.0001). PREFUL and HP 129Xe VDP were significantly different between the CF PEx and healthy groups (p less then 0.05). In the stable CF group, PREFUL and HP 129Xe VDP were not significantly different from the healthy group (p = 0.18 and 0.08, respectively). There was a correlation between PREFUL and HP 129Xe VDP (R2 = 0.31, p = 0.004), and both parameters were significantly correlated with FEV1 and LCI. Conclusion PREFUL MRI is feasible in pediatric CF, distinguishes patients undergoing pulmonary exacerbations compared to healthy subjects, and correlates with HP 129Xe MRI as well as functional measures of disease severity. PREFUL MRI does not require breath-holds and is straight forward to implement on any MRI scanner.Rationale and objectives Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has increasingly gained acceptance in the postoperative evaluation of kidney-transplantation recipients. Our meta-analysis aims to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of CEUS in identifying post-transplantation complications. Materials and methods PubMed, Scopus, Ovid Medline, and Cochrane databases were searched from their inception until February 28, 2020, for diagnostic test accuracy studies comparing CEUS to a reference standard for monitoring complications after kidney transplantation. A meta-analysis was conducted to calculate the pooled sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and diagnostic odds ratio using a bivariate random effects model. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cl-amidine.html Sensitivity analysis was performed using R software by stratifying the studies based on study design, sample size, age, and origin of the study to evaluate the influence of these factors on the overall effect. Results Two independent reviewers analyzed 285 publications, out of which 29 were determined directly relevant and 12 (with a total of 542 cases) contained all required data for the meta-analysis. The overall sensitivity of included studies was estimated to be 0.86 (95% confidential interval (CI); 0.78--0.92). Similarly, the overall specificity was estimated to be 0.90 (95% CI; 0.82-0.94). Log diagnostic odds ratio was 4.25 (95% CI; 3.43-5.07), and the area under the curve of the pooled receiver operating characteristic was 0.94. Stratified sensitivity analyses showed study design, sample size, age group, and origin of the study had no significant impact on the overall diagnostic value of CEUS. Conclusion Evidence suggests that CEUS is a potentially effective and accurate method to evaluate a variety of complications such as rejection, vascular complications, and malignancies after kidney transplantation.Background Computers have become a fundamental part of clinical radiology departments. Radiologists tend to spend long hours in front of computers, reading and analyzing medical images. This prolonged use of computers is associated with digital eye strain. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of digital eye strain among radiologists and determine its contributory factors. Methods An online survey was sent to radiologists practicing in hospitals in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The survey addressed demographic information, workload and workstation environment, personal eye care, and evaluation of digital eye strain symptoms as well as the strategies employed to reduce these symptoms. Results were analyzed descriptively using Chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses. Results The survey was completed by 198 participants (111 men and 87 women), including residents (40.9%), senior registrars (27.3%), and consultants (27.3%). Most participants (71.2%) were aged below 40 years. Most participants tend to spend 7-9 hours daily reviewing medical images.